Over the past five years the pairing of solar photovoltaics (PV) with battery-energy-storage systems (BESS) has moved from demonstration projects to being a core pillar of national energy-transition strategies. Fast-falling battery‐pack prices — by 93% since 2010, reaching USD 192/kWh for utility-scale systems in 2024 — have shattered the notion that reliable 24-hour solar power is a niche product. (Source: IRENA)